history of childhood

četvrtak, 03.02.2011.

HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD

Childhood in the Ancient Western World
We know that childhood, a period of relative freedom from
work, existed in the ancient world because children’s play
was depicted on Greek vases and Roman sarcophagi. There
were several ancient treatises on the diseases of children and a
recognition that children were to be treated differently from
adults. Thus there was a tradition of childhood in the
ancient world that saw children as passing through stages of
growth, as being malleable, as being fragile, playful, and
sometimes headstrong. This tradition saw children as individually
different and in need of protection from abuse by
adults. Ancient philosophers, particularly Plato and Aristotle,
wrote about child-rearing practices and regarded children
as a link to the future. Some children’s toys have survived—
dolls, small versions of weapons, and the like—and they
point to adult agendas for future citizens. Epitaphs remind
us that ancient parents mourned the death of their children.
The Greeks and Romans devoted special attention to
children and child-rearing practices. Women were the child
rearers, and a number of other adults worked with children:
midwives, teachers, tutors, and physicians. Both Plato and
Aristotle recognized five stages of childhood (expressed in
modern terms):
1. Babyhood, from birth to about two years—that is,
until the child is weaned and can talk;
2. The early preschool age, from two to three years or
later—when the child is separating emotionally from
the mother, becomes more active physically, and
begins to play games alone;
3. Later preschool age, from ages three to seven—a
stage when children become more active and more
involved in social groups;
4. School-age children (up to puberty)—a time of
intense competition, especially among boys; and
5. The stage between puberty and adulthood—which
continues into the late teens or early twenties.
The last stage may have beencasinos en ligne brief or nonexistent for girls,
who married at a relatively early age. In their broad outline,
however, these stages closely resemble modern childdevelopment
theory.

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